《民法典》视域下居住权的养老功能与实现路径

Abstract

【中文摘要】保障老年人居住权益是《民法典》确立居住权制度的重要初衷。但在《民法典》运行中，围绕居住权的内涵、设立形式、权利限制以及消灭方式等内容，司法适用出现困境，老年人难以通过《民法典》居住权制度保障其居住权益。为充分实现居住权制度的养老功能，针对老年人赡养型、遗嘱型和投资型的三种居住权诉求，后续实践应补阙居住权设立与消灭的规则，区分居住权合同的有偿性和无偿性，相应适用双务合同和赠与合同的规则。在“一房多卖”的法律规制与“物权不破租赁”等权利冲突的已有解决路径的基础上，规则续造应细化老年人居住权行使中与所有权、抵押权、司法查封等权利冲突的解决模式，并设立“ 一房多居”下的权利登记规则，肯定必要同住人的法律地位，最大化发挥居住权对老年人群体的福利性保障，确保“老有所居” “老有所养”在居住权制度中得到落实。 【Abstract】Protecting the habitation interests of the aged is one of the important purposes of the Civil Code in establishing rules on the right of habitation.However，in the implementation of the Civil Code，difficulties have arisen in the judicial application of such contents as the connotation，form of establishment，limitation of rights，and ways of elimination of the right of habitation; furthermore，it is difficult for the aged to ensure their rights and interests of habitation through the Civil Code. In order to fully realize the pension function of the right of habitation，with respect to the claims for the three types，namely，right of maintenance，right of testament，and right of investment，it is important to supplement the rules on establishment and extinguishment，distinguish compensated and unpaid habitation right contracts，and apply the rules on bilateral contracts and donation contracts.Based on the existing solutions to conflicts of rights，such as the legal regulations on “multiple sales of a house” and the “tenancy without breach of contract”，it is necessary to elaborate on the mode to resolve conflicts between the aged in the exercise of their right of habitation and the ownership，mortgage，and judicial attachment， among other rights. It is also important to establish the registration rules for the rights under the “one house for multiple habitations”，affirm the legal status of necessary cohabitants and maximize the welfare protection of the right of habitation for the aged，thereby ensuring adequate housing and caring of the aged in the rules on right of habitation.